Ancient Greek Colonization and Trade and Their Influence on Greek Art

Organised founding of colonies in the Mediterranean and Blackness Seas by the Archaic Greeks in the catamenia of 750-550 BC

Greek colonization was an organised colonial expansion past the Archaic Greeks into the Mediterranean Ocean and Blackness Sea in the menstruation of the eighth–6th centuries BC (750 and 550 BC).

This colonization differed from the migrations of the Greek Dark Ages in that it consisted of organised direction (see Oikistes) by the originating metropolis instead of the simple move of tribes which characterized the earlier migrations. Many colonies (Ancient Greek: ἀποικία, romanized: apoikia , lit.'abode away from dwelling house') that were founded in this period evolved into stiff city-states and became independent of their urban center.

Reasons for colonization [edit]

Illustration of an Archaic Greek ship on pottery

Reasons for colonization had to do with the demographic explosion of this catamenia, the development of the emporium, the need for a secure supply of raw materials, but also with the emerging politics of the period that drove sections of the population into exile. Population growth created a scarcity of farmland and a restriction of the power of smallholders to farm information technology, which was like in every metropolis-state. In places with surplus population, this led to a demand for boosted living space. The location of each colonial establishment was dictated past the supply of unexploited resources that would provide the metropolis, likewise as the finished appurtenances it would produce. The evolution of the emporium was among the more important motivations for the founding of a colony. The colonies created new markets, supplied the metropolis with significant raw materials and constituted important way stations on the long-distance trade journeys of the era. Finally, the troubled political situation in many cities, along with the establishment of tyrannical government, collection the political opposition into exile and into a search for new places of residence.

Characteristics of the colonization [edit]

The Argonautica, the myth thought to pertain to the assuming nautical expeditions of this menstruum.

The founding of the colonies was consistently an organised enterprise. The launch was organized by the city, although in many cases they collaborated with other cities. The place to exist colonized was selected in advance with the goal of offering business advantages, simply also security from raiders. In order to create a feeling of security and confidence in relation to the new colony, the choice of place was decided according to its usefulness.^[1] The mission always included a leader nominated by the colonists. In the new cities, the colonists parceled out the land, including farms. The arrangement of governance usually took a form reminiscent of that which prevailed in the metropolis.

Timing [edit]

The get-go founders of colonies were the Euboeans, who founded colonies at the start of the eighth century B.C. in Southern Italian republic and Chalcidice. The two most powerful states on Euboea, Chalcis and Eretria founded numerous colonies in Chalcidice, the most important of which was Olynthus, and they were the starting time to found colonies in Southern Italy. The outset colony that they founded there was Pithecusae on the Island of Ischia. Afterward, they founded the colonies of Cumae, Zancle, Rhegium and Naxos.^[1]

At the end of the 8th century, Euboea fell into turn down with the outbreak of the Lelantine War and the baton of colonial foundation was passed to other Greek cities. In the 7th century, many colonies were founded in Ionia, Southern Italy, Thrace and on the Black Sea. Other Greek colonies were founded on the coast of Gaul, on the Cyrenaica peninsula in Africa and likewise in Egypt. In this burst of colonial expansion cities such as Corinth, Miletus, Megara and Phocaea took the pb.

Locations [edit]

Colonies in Macedonia and Thrace [edit]

Numerous colonies were founded in Northern Greece, chiefly in the region of Chalcidice but also in the region of Thrace.

Chalcidice was settled by Euboeans, chiefly from Chalcis, who lent their proper noun to these colonies. The most of import settlements of the Euboeans in Chalcidice were Olynthos (which colony was settled in collaboration with the Athenians), Torone, Mende, Sermyle, Aphytis and Cleonae in the peninsula of Athos. Other important colonies in Chalcidice were Acanthus, a colony which was founded past colonists from Andros^[2] and Potidaea, a colony of Corinth. Thasians with the assist of the Athenian Callistratus of Aphidnae founded the city of Datus. During the Peloponnesian State of war, the Athenians with the Hagnon, son of Nikias founded the metropolis of Ennea Hodoi (Ἐννέα ὁδοὶ), meaning nine roads, at the place were at present is the 'Hill 133' north of Amphipolis in Serres.^[3]

Numerous other colonies were founded in the region of Thrace past the Ionians from the coast of Asia Minor. Important colonies were Maroneia, and Abdera. The Milesians also founded Abydos and Cardia on the Hellespont and Rhaedestus in Propontis. The Samians colonised the island of Samothrace, becoming the source of its name. Finally, the Parians colonized Thasos under the leadership of the oecist and male parent of the poet Archilochus, Telesicles.

In 340 BCE, while Alexander the Slap-up was regent of Macedon, he founded the city of Alexandropolis Maedica afterwards defeating a local Thracian tribe.^[four]

Colonies in the Ionian Sea, Adriatic Ocean and Illyria [edit]

The region of the Ionian Ocean and that of Illyria were colonized strictly past Corinth. The Corinthians founded important overseas colonies on the sea lanes to Southern Italian republic and the west which succeeded in making them the foremost emporia of the western side of the Mediterranean. Important colonies of Corinth included Leucada, Astacus, Anactoreum, Actium, Ambracia, and Corcyra. The Corinthians also founded of import colonies in Illyria, which evolved into important cities, Apollonia and Epidamnus. The fact that near the 6th century BC the citizens of Epidamnus constructed a Doric-mode treasury at Olympia confirms that the city was among the richest of the Ancient Greek world. An ancient account describes Epidamnos equally 'a neat power and very populated' city.^[5] Nymphaeum was another Greek colony in Illyria.^[6] The Abantes of Euboea founded the city of Thronion at the Illyria.^[seven]

In 1877, archaeologists discovered in Lumbarda on the isle of Korčula, in modernistic-day Republic of croatia, a Greek inscription which writes nearly the founding of an Ancient Greek settlement on the island. The artifact is known equally Lumbarda Psephisma.^[eight]

Magna Graecia: colonies in Southern Italy and Sicily [edit]

The first to colonize Southern Italy were the Euboeans, who with the movement to Pithecusae (on the island of Ischia), founded a series of cities in that region. The second city that they founded was Cumae, nearly opposite Ischia. The colonists from Cumae founded Zancle in on Sicily, and nearby on the opposite coast, Rhegium. Further, the Euboeans founded Naxos, which became the base for the founding of the cities of Leontini, Tauromenion and Catania. In this endeavor they were accompanied by small numbers of Dorians and Ionians; the Athenians had notably refused to have part in the colonization.^{[quotes 1]}

The strongest of the Sicilian colonies was Syracuse, an eighth-century B.C. colony of the Corinthians. Colonists of that same period from Achaea founded the cities of Sybaris and Croton in the Gulf of Taranto but too in the Metapontum in the same district. In the same area, refugees from Sparta founded Taranto which evolved into one of the almost powerful cities in the area. Other Greek states that founded cities in Southern Italy were Megara, which founded Megara Hyblaea, and Selinous; Phocaea, which founded Elea; Rhodes, which founded Gela together with the Cretans and Lipari together with Cnidus, even as the Locrians founded Epizephyrean Locris.^[one] According to legend, Lagaria which was between Thurii and the river Sinni River was founded by Phocians.

Many cities in the region became in turn urban center for new colonies such as the Syracusans, who founded the city of Camarina in the south of Sicily; or the Zancleans, who led the founding of the colony of Himera. Too Naxos, which nosotros meet taking farther function in the founding of many colonies while the urban center of Sybaris founded the colony of Poseidonia to its north. The city of Gela which was a colony of Rhodes and Crete founded its ain colony, Acragas.^{[quotes ii]}

The areas of settlement in Southern Italia became so thoroughly Hellenised that Roman writers such every bit Ovid and Polybius referred to the region as Magna Graecia ("Neat Greece"). To this 24-hour interval, some of the Griko people in Southern Italy even so speak Griko and Calabrian Greek, Doric Greek-influenced dialects with a substantial Latin adstrate, and worship in the Greek Byzantine Catholic Church instead of the Latin rite more usual amid other Italians. In Modern Greek, Southern Italy is referred to every bit Kato Italy (lit. "Lower Italy") and the relict Greek dialects there as Katoitalika.

Colonies on the Black Ocean and Propontis [edit]

The Greek colonies of the Black Bounding main

The Greeks had at i signal called the Black Sea shore "inhospitable". According to aboriginal sources, they eventually created 70 to 90 colonies.^[xi] The colonization of the Blackness Sea was led past the Megarans and some of the Ionian cities such equally Miletus, Phocaea and Teos. The bulk of colonies in the region of the Blackness Sea and Propontis were founded in the 7th century B.C. In the expanse of Propontis, the Megarans founded the cities of Astacus in Bithynia, Chalcedonia and Byzantium in which they occupied a privileged position. Miletus founded Cyzicus and the Phocaeans Lampsacus.^[12]

On the western shore of the Black Bounding main region the Megarans founded the cities of Selymbria and a little later, Nesebar. A little farther northward in the region of today's Romania the Milesians founded the cities of Istria and Orgame. And Miletus also founded a urban center on the western shore of the Black Bounding main, Apollonia. In the south of the Blackness Body of water the almost important colony was Sinope which according to prevailing opinion was founded by Miletus. The precise chronology of its foundation is non known at present but it appears that it was founded some time around the middle of the seventh century B.C.^[12] Sinope was founded with a series of other colonies in the Pontic region: Trebizond, Cerasus, Cytorus, Cotyora, Cromne, Pteria, Tium, et al. The most important colony founded on the southern shore of the Black Ocean was also a Megaran foundation: Heraclea Pontica, which was founded in the 6th century B.C.

On the n shore of the Black Sea Miletus was the outset to beginning. The colonies of Miletus in this region of the Blackness Sea were Pontic Olbia and Panticapaeum (modernistic Kerch.) Later in the sixth century B.C. the Milesians founded Odessa in the region of modern Ukraine.^[12] Further north from the Danube delta the Greeks colonized an islet, modern Berezan (probably and then a peninsula). That location is found at the confluence of the Bug estuary (the River Hypanis to the Ancient Greeks) and the Dnieper (the Barysthenes to the Ancient Greeks) The islet or peninsula itself was called by the ancients Barythmenis; across from this, they establish the site that would be settled later every bit Olbia. Adjacent to Olbia was another Greek colony which had Istria as its mother city.

On the Crimean peninsula (the Greeks then called information technology Tauric Chersonese or "Peninsula of the Bulls") they founded also the cities of Sympheropolis, and Nymphaeum and Hermonassa. On the Ocean of Azov (Lake Maiotis to the ancients) they founded Tanais (in Rostov), Tyritace, Myrmeceum, Cecrine and Phanagoria—the last existence a colony of the Teians. In 2018, archaeologists discovered a previously unknown ancient Greek settlement of the 4th-3rd centuries BC about the town of Baherove in Crimea. Co-ordinate to the researchers, the settlement was called Manitra.^[xiii]

On the eastern shore, which was known in ancient times equally Colchis and in which today for the greater part is in Georgia and the autonomous region of Abkhazia, the Greeks founded the cities of Phasis and Dioscouris. The latter was chosen Sebastopolis by the Romans and Byzantines and is known today as Sukhumi—the ruins of the ancient and Byzantine foundations are at present establish principally below the waterline.

Colonies in the remainder of the Mediterranean [edit]

Odysseus on the island of the Sirens. The Odyssey typifies the particulars of the age.

The Greek colonies expanded equally far as the Iberian Peninsula and North Africa. In N Africa, on the peninsula of Kyrenaika, colonists from Thera founded Kyrene, which evolved into a very powerful city in the region.^[1] Other colonies in Kyrenaika later included Barca, Euesperides (modern Benghazi), Taucheira, and Apollonia.

On the north side of the Mediterranean the Phokaians founded Massalia on the coast of Gaul. Massalia became the base for a series of further foundations farther away in the region of Spain. Phokaia also founded Alalia in Corsica and Olbia in Sardinia. The Phokaians arrived next on the coast of the Iberian peninsula. Every bit related by Herodotos, a local king summoned the Phokaians to constitute a colony in the region and rendered meaningful help in the fortification of the city. The Phokaians founded Empuries in this region and subsequently the even more distant Hemeroskopeion.

By the center of the 7th century the lonely Greek colony in Arab republic of egypt had been founded, Naukratis.^[fourteen] The pharaoh Psammitecus I gave a trade concession to Milesian merchants for one institution on the banks of the Nile, founding a trading postal service which evolved into a prosperous city by the fourth dimension of the Persian expedition to Egypt in 525 B.C.

Like to the emporion established in the Nile Delta it is possible in that location was a Greek trading colony established by the Euboians along the Syrian coast on the oral cavity of the Orontes river at the site Al-Mina in the early eighth century BC. The Greek colony of Posideion on the promontory Ras al-Bassit was colonised merely to the due south of the Orontes estuary later in the 7th century BC.^[15]

Maps with some of the aboriginal Greek colonies before the decease of Philip II of Macedon (336 BC) [edit]

Modern Egypt

E1. Naucratis

Mod Libya

L1. Barce L2. Cyrene L3. Balagrae L4. Taucheira L5. Ptolemais L6. Euesperides L7. Antipyrgus L8. Apollonia

Modern Spain

S1. Portus Illicitanus S2. Akra Leuke S3. Alonis S4. Hemeroscopeum S5. Zakynthos S6. Salauris S7. Rhode S8. Emporion S9. Kalathousa S10. Mainake S11. Menestheus's Limin S12. Kypsela S13. Helike

Mod France

F1. Agde F2. Massalia F3. Tauroention F4. Olbia F5. Nicaea F6. Monoikos F7. Antipolis F8. Alalia F9. Rhodanousia F10. Athenopolis

Modern Italy

* Co-ordinate to aboriginal writers Scylletium was a Greek colony, but in that location are no other evidence other than that.

I1. Olbia I2. Adria I3. Ancona I4. Parthenope I5. Cumae I6. Procida I7. Dicaearchia I8. Neapolis I9. Poseidonia I10. Metapontum I11. Sybaris I12. Thurii I13. Taras I14. Siris I15. Crotona I16. Gallipoli I17. Elea I18. Messina I19. Kale Akte I21. Syracuse I22. Didyme I23. Hycesia I24. Phoenicusa I26. Therassía I27. Lipara/Meligounis I28. Epizepherean Locris I29. Rhegium I30. Lentini I31. Selinountas I32. Megara Hyblaea I33. Naxos I34. Tauromenion I35. Acragas I36. Himera I37. Gela I38. Catania I39. Leontini I40. Ereikousa I41. Euonymos I42. Kamarina I43. Medma I44. Hipponion I45. Heraclea Minoa I46. Caulonia I47. Trotilon I48. Pyxous I49. Mylae I50. Laüs I51. Terina I52. Rhegion I53. Tindari I54. Macalla I55. Temesa I56. Metauros I57. Krimisa I58. Chone I59. Saturo I60. Heraclea Lucania, Siris I61. Scylletium * I62. Agathyrnum I63. Adranon I64. Akrillai I65. Casmenae I66. Akrai I67. Engyon I68. Thapsos I69. Pithekoussai I70. Castelmezzano

Mod Republic of croatia

C1. Salona C2. Tragyrion C3. Aspálathos C4. Epidaurus C5. Issa C6. Dimos C7. Pharos C8. Kórkyra Mélaina C9. Epidaurum C10. Narona C11. Lumbarda

Modern Montenegro

M1. Bouthoe

Modern Albania

AL1. Nymphaeum AL2. Epidamnos AL3. Apollonia AL4. Aulon AL5. Oricum AL6. Thronion

Modern Serbia * Some historians believe that it was near the mod Resen (North Republic of macedonia) while others believe that information technology was nigh the modern Vranje (Serbia).

SE1. Damastion *

Modernistic N Macedonia * Some historians believe that information technology was virtually the modern Resen (North Macedonia) while others believe that it was near the mod Vranje (Serbia).

MA1. Damastion * MA2. Heraclea Lyncestis

Modern Hellenic republic

GR1. Potidaea GR2. Stageira GR3. Acanthus GR4. Mende GR5. Ambracia GR6. Corcyra GR7. Maroneia GR8. Krinides GR9. Olynthus GR10. Abdera GR11. Therma GR12. Arethusa GR13. Leucas GR14. Eion GR15. Sane GR16. Amphipolis GR17. Argilus GR18. Sane GR19. Akanthos GR20. Astacus GR21. Galepsus GR22. Oesyme GR23. Phagres GR24. Datus GR25. Stryme GR26. Pistyrus GR27. Rhaecelus GR28. Dicaea GR29. Methoni GR30. Heraclea in Trachis GR31. Heraclea in Acarnania GR32. Anactorium GR33. Auction GR34. Drys GR35. Toroni GR36. Amorgos GR37. Actium

Modern Republic of bulgaria

* Pseudo-Scymnus writes that some say that the city of Bizone belongs to the barbarians, while others to be a Greek colony of Mesembria.

BUL1. Mesembria BUL2. Odessos BUL3. Apollonia / Antheia BUL4. Callatis BUL5. Agathopolis BUL6. Kavarna BUL7. Pomorie BUL8. Naulochos BUL9. Krounoi BUL10. Pistiros BUL11. Anchialos BUL12. Bizone * BUL13. Develtos BUL14. Heraclea Sintica BUL15. Beroe

Modern Romania

RO1. Tomis RO2. Histria/Istros RO3. Aegyssus RO4. Stratonis RO5. Axiopolis RO6. Kallatis

Modern Cyprus

CY1. Chytri

Modern Ukraine

U1. Borysthenes U2. Tyras U3. Olbia U4. Nikonion U5. Odessa

Modern Crimea * Russia annexed Crimea at 2014 and unofficially it is no longer part of Ukraine.

CR1. Panticapaeum CR2. Nymphaion CR3. Tyritake CR4. Theodosia CR5. Chersonesus CR6. Charax CR7. Myrmekion CR8. Kerkinitis CR9. Kimmerikon CR10. Kalos Limen CR11. Yalita CR12. Akra

Modern Russia

RU1. Tanais RU2. Kepoi RU3. Phanagoria RU4. Bata RU5. Gorgippia RU6. Hermonassa RU7. Korokondame RU8. Taganrog RU9. Tyramba RU10. Patraeus RU11. Toricos RU12. Corocondame

Modern Georgia/ Abkhazia * Abkhazia is recognised only by Russia and a small-scale number of other countries.

G1. Bathys G2. Triglite G3. Pityus G4. Dioscurias G5. Phasis G6. Gyenos

Modern Turkey

TR1. Selymbria TR2. Heraclea Pontica TR3. Cius TR4. Ephesus TR5. Dios Hieron TR6. Iasos TR7. Myndus TR8. Selge TR9. Priene TR10. Halicarnassus TR11. Miletus TR12. Tralles TR13. Phaselis TR14. Aspendos TR15. Side TR16. Sillyon TR17. Zephyrion TR18. Kelenderis TR19. Mallus TR20. Amos TR21. Byzantium TR22. Amaseia TR23. Amastris TR24. Ainos TR25. Berge TR26. Perinthos TR27. Cardia TR28. Chalcedon TR29. Nicomedia TR30. Abydos TR31. Sestos TR32. Lampsacus TR33. Panormos TR34. Cyzicus TR35. Ilion TR36. Sigeion TR37. Sinope TR38. Tirebolu TR39. Amisos TR40. Tripolis TR41. Cotyora TR42. Polemonion TR43. Pharnakia TR44. Kerasous TR45. Trapezous TR46. Themiscyra TR47. Astacus in Bithynia TR48. Assos TR49. Pitane TR50. Phocaea TR51. Smyrna TR52. Pergamon TR53. Teos TR55. Colophon TR56. Patara TR57. Canae TR58. Bargylia TR59. Madytus TR60. Elaeus TR61. Tieion TR62. Apamea Myrlea TR63. Klazomenai TR64. Notion TR65. Parion TR66. Heraion Teichos TR67. Bisanthe TR68. Erythrae TR69. Priapus TR70. Alopeconnesus TR71. Limnae TR73. Crithote TR74. Pactya TR75. Perinthus TR76. Tium TR77. Teichiussa TR78. Triopium TR79. Placia TR80. Scylace TR81. Arisba TR82. Apollonia TR83. Apollonia ad Rhyndacum TR84. Myrina TR85. Pythopolis TR86. Cytorus TR87. Armene TR88. Kolonai TR89. Paesus TR90. Scepsis TR91. Myus TR92. Mallus TR93. Mopsus TR94. Caryanda TR95. Athenae TR96. Syrna TR97. Cyme TR98. Marathesium TR99. Chrysopolis TR100. Neonteikhos TR101. Artace TR102. Semystra TR103. Cobrys TR104. Cypasis TR105. Kydonies TR106. Coryphas TR107. Heraclea (Aeolis) TR108. Gargara TR109. Lamponeia TR110. Elaea TR111. Mariandyn TR112. Claros TR113. Knidos

Some of the Greek colonies

Some Greek colonies and metropolitan cities (cherry-red).

Notes [edit]

1. ^

   ...and on this coast are the outlets of the Symaethus and all rivers that flow down from Aetna and have adept harbors at their mouths; and here too is the promontory of Xiphonia. According to Ephorus these were the primeval Greek cities to be founded in Sicily, that is, in the 10th generation after the Trojan war; for before that time men were so agape of the bands of Tyrrhenian pirates and the savagery of the barbarians in this region that they would not and so much equally sheet thither for trafficking; but though Theocles, the Athenian, borne out of his grade by the winds to Sicily, clearly perceived both the weakness of the peoples and the excellence of the soil, yet, when he went back, he could not persuade the Athenians, and hence took as partners a considerable number of Euboean Chalcidians and some Ionians and also some Dorians (most of whom were Megarians) and made the voyage; so the Chalcidians founded Naxus, whereas the Dorians founded Megara, which in earlier times had been called Hybla. The cities no longer exist, it is truthful, but the name of Hybla nonetheless endures, because of the excellence of the Hyblaean beloved.^[9]

2. ^

   But the rest of the settlements also every bit virtually of the interior take come into the possession of shepherds; for I do not know of any settled population still living in either Himera, or Gela, or Callipolis or Selinus or Euboea or several other places. Of these cities Himera was founded by the Zanclaeans of Mylae, Callipolis by the Naxians, Selinus by the Megarians of the Sicilian Megara, and Euboea by the Leontines. Many of the barbaric cities, also, accept been wiped out; for example Camici, the royal residence of Cocalus at which Minos is said to have been murdered past treachery.^[10]

References [edit]

1. ^ ^{a b c d} Nikolaos Papahatzis; et al. (1971). Ιστορία του ελληνικού έθνους [History of the Greek Nation]. Vol. ii. Ekdotike Athenon.
2. ^ Eleni Triakoupoulou-Salakidou (June 1997). "Ακάνθος-Εριίσσος-Ιερίσσος" [Acanthus-Erissus-Hierissus] (PDF). Αρχαιολογία και Τέχνες (Archæology & Art) (in Greek). Vol. 63.
3. ^ Thucydides, The Peloponnesian State of war, 4.102
4. ^ Plutarch, Alexander, 9
5. ^ Cabanes, Pierre (2008). "Greek Colonisation in the Adriatic". In Tsetskhladze, Gocha R. (ed.). Greek Colonisation: An Business relationship of Greek Colonies and Other Settlements Overseas. Vol. 2. Brill. p. 271. ISBN9789047442448.
6. ^ Cabanes 2008, p. 175.
7. ^ Pausanias, Description of Greece, 5.22.4
8. ^ J. J. Wilkes/The Periodical of Hellenic Studies, Vol. 123, (2003), pp. 251-253-Jstor Athenaeum
9. ^ Strabo (1903). "half dozen.ii.two". Geographica. Translated by W. Falconer. in Perseus Project 6.2
10. ^ Strabo (1903). "half dozen.2.6". Geographica. Translated past W. Falconer. in Perseus Project 6.2
11. ^ "Ancient Europe 8000 B.C-A.D thou" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-01-09. Retrieved 2018-11-09 .
12. ^ ^{a b c} *Demetriadou, Daphne (May 9, 2003). "Αποικισμός του Εύξεινου Πόντου" [The Colonisation of the Blackness Sea]. Encyclopaedia of the Hellenic World, Asia Minor. Translated by Kalogeropoulou, Georgia.
13. ^ "Russian archaeologists said they discovered an ancient Greek settlement in Crimea". Archived from the original on 16 November 2018. Retrieved sixteen Nov 2018.
14. ^ Strabo, Geographia 17.i.18, cited in "The Archaic Catamenia:Economy:Trade Station". Hellenic History on the Web. The Foundation for the Hellenic World.
15. ^ Adkins, Lesley & Roy (1997). Handbook to life in ancient Greece. New York: Facts On File. ISBN0816031118.

Further reading [edit]

• Zuchtriegel, Gabriel (2020). Colonization and Subalternity in Classical Greece: Feel of the Nonelite Population. Cambridge University Press; Reprint edition. ISBN978-1108409223.

• Lucas, Jason; Murray, Carrie Ann; Owen, Sara (2019). Greek Colonization in Local Context: Case Studies Exploring the Dynamics among Locals and Colonizers. University of Cambridge Museum of Classical Archaeology Monographs. Oxbow Books. ISBN978-1789251326.

• Tsetskhladze, Gocha R.; Atasoy, Sümer; Temür, Akın; Yiğitpaşa, Davut (2019). Settlements and Necropoleis of the Black Bounding main and Its Hinterland in Artifact: Select Papers from the Third International Conference 'The Black Ocean in Antiquity and Tekkeköy: An Ancient Settlement on the Southern Black Ocean Coast', 27-29 October 2017, Tekkeköy, Samsun. Archaeopress. doi:ten.2307/j.ctvwh8bw7.

• Bosher, Kathryn (2016). Theater exterior Athens: Drama in Greek Sicily and S Italy. Cambridge Academy Press. ISBN978-1107527508.

• Irad, Malkin (2013). A Small Greek World: Networks in the Aboriginal Mediterranean. Oxford University Press; Reprint edition. ISBN978-0199315727.

• Tsetskhladze, Gocha (2011). The Black Ocean, Hellenic republic, Anatolia and Europe in the Outset Millennium BC. Peeters Publishers. ISBN978-9042923249.

• Rhodes, P. J. (2010). A History of the Classical Greek World: 478 - 323 BC. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN978-1405192866.

• Dietler, Michael; López-Ruiz, Carolina (2009). Colonial Encounters in Ancient Iberia: Phoenician, Greek, and Indigenous Relations. University Of Chicago Printing. ISBN978-0226148472.

• Tsetskhladze, Gocha (2008). Greek Colonisation: An Account Of Greek Colonies and Other Settlements Overseas: Volume 2. Brill Academic Publishers. ISBN978-9004155763.

• Tsetskhladze, Gocha (2006). Greek Colonisation: An Account Of Greek Colonies and Other Settlements Overseas: Volume 1. Brill Academic Publishers. ISBN978-9004122048.

• Kirigin, Branko (2006). Pharos. The Parian Settlement in Dalmatia: A report of a Greek colony in the Adriatic. British Archaeological Reports. ISBN978-1841719917.

• Hall, Jonathan M. (2006). A History of the Archaic Greek World: ca. 1200-479 BCE. Wiley-Blackwel. ISBN978-0631226680.

• Cerchiai, Luca; Janelli, Lorena; Longo, Fausto; Edward Smith, Mark (2004). The Greek Cities of Magna Graecia and Sicily. J. Paul Getty Museum. ISBN978-0892367511.

• Tsetskhladze, Gocha (2004). The Archaeology of Greek Colonisation: Essays Dedicated to Sir John Boardman. Oxford University School of Archaeology; 2nd Revised edition. ISBN978-0947816612.

• Tsetskhladze, Gocha; Snodgrass, A. M. (2002). Greek Settlements in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Black Bounding main. British Archaeological Reports. ISBN978-1841714424.

• Graham (2001). Collected Papers on Greek Colonization. Brill Bookish Publishers. ISBN978-9004116344.

• Dominguez, Adolfo; Sanchez, Carmen (2001). Greek Pottery from the Iberian Peninsula: Primitive and Classical Periods. Brill Academic Publishers. ISBN978-9004116047.

• Boardman, John; Solovyov, Sergei; Tsetskhladze, Gocha (2001). Northern Pontic Antiquities in the Country Hermitage Museum. Brill Academic Publishers. ISBN978-9004121461.

• Boardman, John (1999). The Greeks Overseas: Their Early Colonies and Trade. Thames & Hudson. ISBN978-0500281093.

• Tsetskhladze, Gocha R. (1998). The Greek Colonisation of the Black Sea Area. Franz Steiner Verlag. ISBN978-3515073028.

• Isaac, Benjamin H. (1997). The Greek Settlements in Thrace Until the Macedonian Conquest. Studies of the Dutch Archaeological and Historical Society, Vol 10. Brill Academic Pub. ISBN978-9004069213.

• Treister, M Yu (1997). The Function of Metals in Ancient Greek History. Brill. ISBN978-9004104730.

• Cohen, Getzel M. (1996). The Hellenistic Settlements in Europe, the Islands, and Asia Minor. Hellenistic Culture and Lodge. University of California Press. ISBN978-0520083295.

• Irad, Malkin (1987). Faith and Colonization in Ancient Greece. Brill Bookish Publishers. ISBN978-9004071193.

• Sealey, Raphæl (1976). A History of the Greek City States, 700-338 B. C. University of California Press. ISBN978-0520031777.

External links [edit]

• Greek colonies to 500 BCE
• Ancient Greek Colonization and Trade and their Influence on Greek Art-The Metropolitan Museum of Art
• TOPOSTEXT: Didactics / REFERENCE TOOL FOR GREEK CIVILIZATION

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_colonisation

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